Ultimate Guide: Polyurethane Elastomer Solutions for Pipe-Laying Vessel Rollers and Pads

Introduction: The High Cost of Failure in Offshore Pipe Laying

In offshore pipe-laying operations, every hour of vessel downtime translates directly to financial loss. A single day of delay can cost operators between $500,000 to $1 million in charter fees, crew wages, and schedule overruns. Yet one of the most preventable causes of operational disruption stems from a component many overlook: the rollers and pads that guide pipe through tensioners, over stingers, and onto the seabed.
When roller protection fails, the consequences cascade rapidly. Steel-on-steel contact damages both the pipeline coating and the vessel equipment. Pipe slippage disrupts tension control. Emergency repairs force costly shutdowns. Projects miss weather windows. Contracts face penalty clauses.

The solution lies not in accepting this risk as inevitable, but in engineering it away through material science. Polyurethane elastomer solutions have emerged as the industry standard for protecting pipe-laying vessel rollers and pads—not through incremental improvement, but through fundamental material advantages that address the unique demands of marine pipe-laying environments.

This guide examines why polyurethane rollers and pads for pipe-laying vessels have become essential to reliable offshore operations, how to specify them correctly, and how to calculate their true value beyond initial purchase price.

Defining the Solution: Polyurethane Rollers and Pads for Pipe-laying Vessels

Polyurethane elastomers are synthetic polymers that combine the flexibility of rubber with the toughness of rigid plastics. Unlike traditional rubber compounds or metal surfaces, polyurethanes offer a unique combination of properties that make them ideal for the extreme conditions of pipe-laying operations.

At the molecular level, polyurethane chains contain both hard and soft segments. The hard segments provide structural integrity and abrasion resistance. The soft segments deliver flexibility and impact absorption. This dual-phase structure allows engineers to tune material properties—hardness, resilience, load-bearing capacity—to match specific operational requirements.

For pipe-laying vessel applications, polyurethane elastomers serve two primary functions:

• Roller coatings protect steel rollers from wear while preventing damage to pipeline external coatings. These coatings typically range from 10mm to 50mm thick, applied through casting or bonding processes that create a seamless protective layer.
• Pad inserts cushion contact points in tensioners, guide frames, and support structures. These pads are often custom-molded to fit specific vessel configurations, with durometer ratings selected to match pipe diameter, weight, and coating specifications.

The material displaced rubber and metal alternatives in offshore applications during the 1990s for a straightforward reason: it lasted longer under conditions that destroyed other materials within months. Where rubber compounds degraded from seawater exposure and metal surfaces scored pipeline coatings, polyurethane maintained its protective properties through multiple project cycles.

Read how we delivered offshore-grade polyurethane roller coating in record time for a CNOOC’s project.

Performance and Protection: Addressing Operational Risk

The technical specifications of polyurethane elastomers translate directly into risk mitigation across four critical operational concerns.

Abrasion Resistance: Extending Equipment Life

Pipe-laying operations subject rollers to continuous abrasive contact. As pipe moves through tensioners at controlled speeds, microscopic surface interactions gradually wear away protective materials. Standard rubber compounds typically show measurable wear within 3-6 months of continuous operation. Metal rollers, while durable, require frequent inspection for surface defects that can damage pipeline coatings.

Polyurethane elastomers demonstrate abrasion resistance 3 to 10 times greater than conventional rubber, depending on formulation. This performance stems from the material’s molecular structure—the hard segments resist cutting and tearing while the soft segments distribute contact stresses across a wider area. In practical terms, polyurethane roller coatings routinely achieve 18-24 months of service life in demanding offshore environments, reducing the frequency of replacement and the associated vessel downtime.

The superior abrasion resistance becomes particularly valuable during pipelay campaigns involving concrete weight coating or rough external surfaces, where abrasive contact intensifies.

The choice of polyurethane rollers and pads for pipe-laying vessels is critical for ensuring operational efficiency and minimizing risk.

Impact Absorption: Protecting Pipe Coating Integrity

Modern subsea pipelines rely on multi-layer coating systems to provide corrosion protection and mechanical shielding. These coatings—often polypropylene, polyethylene, or fusion-bonded epoxy—represent significant capital investment and are vulnerable to damage during handling.

Polyurethane’s energy-absorbing properties protect coating integrity during the inevitable impacts of pipe-laying operations. When pipe contacts a roller due to vessel motion, current action, or tension fluctuations, the polyurethane compresses to absorb kinetic energy rather than transferring it to the pipe coating. The material’s high resilience (typically 40-60% depending on hardness) means it rebounds quickly to its original shape, ready to absorb the next impact.

This impact absorption becomes critical during dynamic positioning operations, where vessel motion can cause sudden pipe movement. Metal rollers or rigid rubber compounds concentrate impact forces, creating point-loading that can crack or delaminate pipeline coatings. Polyurethane’s ability to deform and recover prevents these concentrated stress points.

Preventing Pipe Slippage: Maintaining Tension Control

Tension control represents one of the most critical aspects of pipe-laying operations. Excessive tension risks pipe damage or connection failure. Insufficient tension allows uncontrolled pipe movement. Both scenarios create safety hazards and operational delays.

The coefficient of friction between polyurethane and pipeline coatings provides reliable grip without excessive force. Unlike metal rollers that require aggressive clamping to prevent slippage, polyurethane surfaces generate sufficient friction through material properties alone. This controlled friction allows tensioner systems to maintain precise pipe position during laying operations, particularly important during S-lay operations where catenary control demands exact tension management.

The friction characteristics remain stable across temperature ranges and in the presence of seawater, hydraulic fluids, and marine growth—environmental factors that significantly degrade rubber performance.

Marine Safety Compliance: Meeting Industry Standards

Offshore operations operate under rigorous safety frameworks established by classification societies and regulatory bodies. Equipment failures that compromise pipe-laying operations can trigger safety incidents, environmental concerns, and regulatory violations.

Polyurethane elastomer solutions contribute to compliance with DNV (Det Norske Veritas) and ABS (American Bureau of Shipping) standards for marine equipment reliability. The material’s predictable performance characteristics allow engineers to design roller systems with documented load ratings, fatigue resistance, and service life projections—essential requirements for equipment certification.

Additionally, polyurethane’s chemical stability means it does not leach harmful compounds into marine environments, supporting operators’ environmental management protocols. The material meets ISO 14001 environmental standards when properly selected and maintained.

Further reading: How Does Pipe Roller Coating with Polyurethane Elastomers Enhance the Longevity of Offshore Equipment?

Application Specifics: J-Lay vs. S-Lay Vessel Rollers

Pipe-laying methodology fundamentally shapes roller and pad requirements. The two dominant installation methods—J-lay and S-lay—impose different mechanical demands on vessel equipment, requiring tailored polyurethane solutions.

S-Lay Configuration Requirements

S-lay vessels install pipeline in a catenary curve from vessel to seabed, creating an S-shaped profile. This configuration distributes pipe weight along the stinger—a ramped structure extending from the vessel stern—which contains multiple roller support points.

Stinger rollers in S-lay operations experience:

• Distributed loading across numerous contact points (typically 20-40 rollers)
• Continuous sliding contact as pipe moves toward the seabed
• Variable angles requiring different roller profiles along the stinger length
• Seawater immersion for submerged stinger sections

For these applications, polyurethane roller coatings typically use medium-durometer formulations (Shore A 70-85) that balance load distribution with surface conformability. The coating thickness ranges from 15-30mm to provide adequate wear depth while maintaining roller diameter tolerances.

Stinger tip rollers—the last contact point before pipe enters the water—require particularly robust polyurethane specifications, as they experience the highest dynamic loads and complete seawater immersion.

J-Lay Configuration Requirements

J-lay vessels install pipeline in a near-vertical orientation through a tall tower structure. This method suits deeper waters and reduces the span length requiring support, but concentrates pipe weight on fewer contact points within the tower tensioners and guide frames.

J-lay tensioners impose significantly higher contact stresses on polyurethane pads compared to S-lay stinger rollers. Individual pads may support loads exceeding 100 tonnes while maintaining grip to control pipe movement during welding operations.

These demanding conditions require polyurethane formulations optimized for:

• High-durometer ratings (Shore A 90-95 or Shore D 50-65) for load-bearing capacity
• Thick-section casting (50-100mm) to distribute compressive stress
• Bonding integrity to prevent delamination under cyclic loading
• Temperature stability for tower structures exposed to solar heating

J-lay pad geometry also differs from S-lay rollers. Rather than cylindrical roller coatings, J-lay systems often use flat or curved pad inserts that conform to specific pipe diameters. These pads require precision molding to ensure even load distribution across the contact surface.

Reel-Lay and Flex-Lay Considerations

Newer installation methods like reel-lay and flex-lay create additional application scenarios. Reel-lay vessels spool pipe onto large reels before deployment, subjecting rollers to repeated bending cycles. Flex-lay systems install flexible pipe that requires gentler handling to avoid kinking.

For these specialized applications, polyurethane formulations emphasize:

• Fatigue resistance for cyclic bending in reel-lay operations
• Lower durometer ratings (Shore A 60-75) for flexible pipe protection
• Custom surface textures to prevent pipe rotation during spooling

Understanding the specific pipe-laying methodology allows engineers to specify polyurethane solutions that match the actual mechanical environment rather than applying generic roller protection.

Specifications and Engineering Requirements

Selecting polyurethane elastomers for pipe-laying applications requires matching material properties to operational demands. The key specifications that determine performance include hardness, tensile strength, tear resistance, and environmental compatibility.

Durometer Hardness Selection

Hardness, measured on the Shore scale, represents the most fundamental specification decision. The hardness value determines how the material responds to load—softer durometers deform more readily, distributing contact stress over larger areas, while harder durometers resist deformation, maintaining dimensional stability under high loads.

For pipe-laying vessel rollers and pads, hardness selection follows these general guidelines:

Shore A 60-75 (Soft): Suitable for flexible pipe handling, small-diameter rigid pipe, and applications requiring maximum coating protection. The high compliance prevents point-loading but limits load-bearing capacity.

Shore A 80-90 (Medium): The most common range for general pipe-laying operations. Provides balanced performance for pipe diameters from 6″ to 24″ with moderate coating thickness. Offers good wear resistance while maintaining adequate impact absorption.

Shore A 95-100 / Shore D 50-70 (Hard): Required for heavy-wall pipe, large diameters (24″+), and high-tension applications typical of J-lay operations. Prioritizes load-bearing capacity and dimensional stability over impact cushioning.

The hardness specification must account for operating temperature, as polyurethane properties shift with thermal conditions. Materials specified for tropical operations may perform differently in cold-water environments.

Tensile Strength and Elongation

Tensile strength indicates the material’s resistance to tearing under stress. For roller coatings subjected to high contact pressures, tensile strength typically exceeds 5,000 psi (35 MPa) to prevent surface tearing or chunking.

Elongation at break—the percentage a sample can stretch before failure—reveals the material’s toughness. Polyurethane formulations for marine applications typically demonstrate 400-600% elongation, allowing the material to deform significantly during impact events without cracking.

These properties work together: high tensile strength prevents crack initiation, while high elongation allows the material to absorb energy through deformation rather than brittle failure.

Tear Resistance

Tear propagation resistance determines how quickly a small defect grows into a major failure. In pipe-laying operations, minor surface cuts from sharp edges or debris are inevitable. Materials with poor tear resistance allow these small defects to rapidly propagate, leading to premature coating failure.

Quality polyurethane elastomers for marine applications demonstrate tear strengths exceeding 200 lb/in (35 kN/m) using standard test methods. This property becomes particularly important for roller coatings that experience continuous sliding contact, where any surface defect faces repeated stress cycles.

Environmental and Chemical Compatibility

Marine environments expose polyurethane to seawater, hydraulic fluids, drilling muds, and temperature extremes. The material must resist degradation from these exposures throughout its service life.

Polyester-based polyurethanes offer excellent mechanical properties but can hydrolyze in continuous seawater exposure. Polyether-based formulations resist hydrolysis but may show slightly lower abrasion resistance. For pipe-laying vessel applications, polyether-based polyurethanes or advanced hybrid formulations typically provide the best long-term durability.

Temperature range represents another critical specification. North Sea operations may experience near-freezing temperatures, while Gulf of Mexico projects encounter sustained heat. Polyurethane formulations must maintain flexibility and strength across the expected temperature range—typically -20°C to +80°C for marine applications.

Custom Sizing and Surface Finishes

Standard polyurethane formulations address most applications, but custom modifications optimize performance for specific vessel configurations.

Sizing considerations include:

• Roller diameter and coating thickness to maintain clearances
• Pad dimensions to fit existing tensioner frames or guide structures
• Bonding surface preparation requirements for secure attachment to steel substrates

Surface finish options affect both performance and longevity:

• Smooth finishes minimize friction for sliding contact applications
• Textured surfaces increase grip for tensioner pads
• Grooved patterns allow drainage of seawater or hydraulic fluids

Custom sizing also accommodates vessel-specific requirements such as bolt patterns, mounting configurations, and replacement procedures that must account for space constraints on operating platforms.

Lifecycle Management & ROI Analysis: The Business Case

Purchase price represents only a fraction of the true cost of roller and pad systems. The total cost of ownership encompasses installation, maintenance, replacement frequency, and operational disruption—factors where polyurethane elastomers demonstrate significant economic advantages.

Understanding the Cost of Vessel Downtime

Pipe-laying vessel day rates vary significantly by vessel capability, equipment sophistication, and market conditions. Rates can range from $50,000 per day for basic pipe-lay barges to $300,000+ per day for advanced DP2/DP3 vessels with J-lay or reel-lay capability. This figure includes only the direct charter cost—it excludes crew wages, support vessels, and the opportunity cost of delayed project completion.

When roller protection fails, the resulting downtime creates compounding costs:

Immediate response costs: Emergency procurement of replacement parts, mobilization of technicians, and weather standby while repairs are completed.

Schedule impact costs: Missing weather windows can delay projects by weeks. Each additional day on location consumes budget, and schedule delays often trigger contractual penalties.

Indirect costs: Damaged pipeline coating may require repair before installation continues. Roller damage to the vessel equipment itself can necessitate drydock repairs, removing the vessel from service for extended periods.

A conservative estimate places the total cost of a single roller failure event at 3-7 days of vessel time — representing $150,000 to $2.1 million depending on vessel class and circumstances. This calculation excludes potential coating damage, which can add significant costs if pipeline sections require replacement.

Service Life Comparison and Replacement Intervals

Material selection directly impacts replacement frequency, which drives long-term ownership costs.

Standard rubber compounds typically require replacement every 6-12 months in continuous pipe-laying service. The material degrades from seawater exposure, loses elasticity, and develops surface cracks that rapidly propagate under load. Operators often replace rubber rollers preventively to avoid failures during critical operations.

Metal rollers avoid material degradation but gradually develop surface defects—scoring, pitting, and roughness—that damage pipeline coatings. While the roller structure remains sound, the surface condition requires frequent refurbishment through machining or re-coating. This maintenance typically occurs every 12-18 months.

Polyurethane elastomer coatings routinely achieve 18-36 months of service life in offshore operations, with some installations exceeding 48 months before replacement. The material maintains its protective properties throughout this extended service life, requiring only periodic inspection rather than preventive replacement.

Calculating Total Cost of Ownership

A comprehensive TCO analysis accounts for all costs associated with the roller system over its operational life:

Initial capital costs:

• Purchase price of rollers or pads
• Engineering review and approval
• Installation labor and commissioning

Operating costs:

• Routine inspection and monitoring
• Cleaning and minor maintenance
• Downtime for scheduled replacement
• Material disposal and environmental compliance

Risk-adjusted costs:

• Probability of premature failure × cost of failure event
• Pipeline coating damage repair costs
• Schedule delay exposure

For polyurethane elastomer systems, the TCO calculation typically shows payback within the first replacement cycle. The extended service life means the vessel completes more projects between maintenance intervals, while the reduced failure risk lowers the expected cost of disruptions.

Predictable Performance and Maintenance Planning

Beyond direct cost savings, polyurethane elastomers enable more effective maintenance planning through predictable degradation patterns. Unlike rubber, which can fail suddenly when degradation reaches critical thresholds, polyurethane shows gradual wear that inspection teams can track through routine surveys.

This predictability allows operators to:

• Schedule replacements during planned maintenance windows rather than responding to emergency failures
• Maintain accurate spare parts inventories based on expected consumption rates
• Budget maintenance costs with greater confidence for multi-year projects

The ability to plan replacement activities around project schedules rather than emergency response requirements represents a significant operational advantage for pipe-laying contractors managing multiple concurrent projects.

Performance Validation Through Case Studies

Real-world performance data from operating vessels validates the economic analysis. Gulf of Mexico pipe-laying operations using polyurethane-coated stinger rollers have documented service lives exceeding 30 months in continuous service, compared to 8-10 months for rubber alternatives under identical conditions.

North Sea operators report similar results, with polyurethane tensioner pads in J-lay towers achieving full project completion without replacement—representing 18+ months of service including multiple pipe diameters and coating types.

These documented results confirm that polyurethane elastomers deliver the extended service life required for positive ROI, while the absence of premature failures validates the risk reduction benefits.

Procurement Checklist: Ensuring Supplier Authority

Polyurethane material properties vary significantly based on formulation chemistry, manufacturing process, and quality control procedures. Not all suppliers deliver the performance characteristics required for reliable offshore operations. Effective procurement requires evaluating suppliers across technical capability, quality systems, and industry knowledge.

Material Formulation and Testing Capability

The supplier should demonstrate expertise in polyurethane chemistry specific to marine applications. This includes:

Custom formulation capability: The ability to modify base polyurethane chemistry to meet specific hardness, abrasion resistance, and environmental compatibility requirements. Off-the-shelf compounds rarely provide optimal performance for specialized pipe-laying applications.

Comprehensive material testing: In-house or certified third-party testing for all critical properties—hardness, tensile strength, tear resistance, abrasion resistance, and compression set. The supplier should provide complete material property data sheets with actual test results, not generic specification sheets.

Accelerated aging protocols: Testing that simulates long-term seawater exposure, thermal cycling, and UV radiation to predict service life. Suppliers without aging test data cannot validate their claimed durability.

Request material test reports for polyurethane samples that match your specified formulation. Generic test data for different formulations provides limited value.

Manufacturing Process and Quality Control

The manufacturing process determines whether the polyurethane coating achieves its theoretical material properties. Critical process factors include:

Bonding procedures: The bond between polyurethane coating and steel roller substrate must withstand the shear and tensile forces of pipe-laying operations. Proper bonding requires surface preparation (grit blasting to specific cleanliness standards), primer application, and controlled curing conditions. The supplier should document their bonding process and provide bond strength test data.

Casting controls: For large-section pads and thick roller coatings, proper casting technique prevents internal voids, ensures complete polymerization, and achieves uniform density. Temperature control during curing, degassing procedures, and post-cure conditioning all affect final properties.

Quality inspection: Each finished component should undergo dimensional verification, hardness testing, and visual inspection according to documented procedures. Request the supplier’s quality control plan and ask how non-conforming products are identified and addressed.

Process certifications: ISO 9001 quality management certification indicates the supplier maintains documented, auditable manufacturing processes. While certification alone doesn’t guarantee performance, its absence raises concerns about process consistency.

Technical Support and Engineering Collaboration

Polyurethane roller and pad systems require engineering input to match material properties to specific vessel configurations and operational requirements. Evaluate the supplier’s technical support capability:

Application engineering: Can the supplier review your vessel specifications, pipe-laying methodology, and pipe characteristics to recommend appropriate polyurethane formulations? Generic “one size fits all” recommendations suggest limited application knowledge.

Custom design capability: For non-standard roller geometries or unusual pad configurations, the supplier should offer design services including load analysis, material selection justification, and installation guidelines.

Installation support: Complex installations benefit from supplier technical oversight to ensure proper handling, storage, and installation procedures. Consider whether the supplier offers on-site commissioning support or remote technical consultation.

Problem-solving experience: Ask about the supplier’s experience addressing polyurethane failures or performance issues in marine applications. Their response reveals whether they understand failure mechanisms and can implement corrective actions.

Industry Track Record and References

Supplier claims require validation through demonstrated performance in actual offshore operations:

Reference installations: Request contact information for vessel operators currently using the supplier’s polyurethane products in pipe-laying applications. Direct discussions with reference customers reveal whether claimed performance materializes in practice.

Project portfolio: Review the supplier’s project history for applications similar to yours—same pipe-laying methodology, similar environmental conditions, comparable pipe specifications. Success in unrelated applications doesn’t necessarily translate to your specific requirements.

Failure analysis capability: When performance issues occur, can the supplier conduct root cause analysis and implement solutions? Ask for examples of how they’ve addressed field failures in previous installations.

Marine industry knowledge: Does the supplier understand pipe-laying operations, vessel equipment, and the classification society requirements governing offshore installations? Suppliers lacking this context may provide technically sound polyurethane products that nonetheless fail to address practical operational requirements.

Supply Chain Reliability and Global Support

Pipe-laying projects operate on tight schedules and often in remote locations. Supplier logistics capabilities directly impact your operational flexibility:

Lead times and production capacity: Can the supplier meet your timeline for initial orders and subsequent replacement deliveries? Extended lead times reduce operational flexibility and may force emergency procurement at premium costs.

Global distribution network: For international projects, local supplier presence or shipping arrangements affect delivery speed and import complexity. Suppliers with regional facilities or established shipping partnerships offer advantages.

Emergency response capability: When unexpected roller damage occurs, can the supplier expedite replacement production? Emergency support capability may justify supplier selection even if initial pricing is higher.

Inventory programs: Some suppliers offer consignment inventory agreements where commonly-used roller sizes and pad configurations are stored near major pipe-laying regions, enabling rapid delivery when needed.

Total Value Assessment

Procurement decisions based solely on purchase price often deliver poor long-term value. The lowest-cost polyurethane roller may fail prematurely, triggering the vessel downtime costs that dwarf initial savings.

Effective procurement evaluates total value through:

• Weighted scoring of technical capability, quality systems, and support services
• Reference customer validation of claimed performance
• Risk assessment of supply chain reliability
• Total cost of ownership calculations incorporating expected service life

This comprehensive evaluation approach identifies suppliers capable of delivering the reliable performance that drives positive ROI in pipe-laying operations.

Summary and Next Steps

Polyurethane elastomer solutions have become essential to reliable offshore pipe-laying operations by addressing the fundamental challenges of equipment protection and operational continuity. The material’s superior abrasion resistance, impact absorption, and environmental durability translate directly to extended service life, reduced maintenance frequency, and minimized downtime risk—benefits that deliver measurable ROI despite premium initial costs.

Effective implementation requires matching material specifications to your specific pipe-laying methodology, vessel configuration, and operational environment. The distinctions between S-lay and J-lay applications, the importance of durometer selection, and the impact of bonding quality all demonstrate that polyurethane roller and pad systems demand engineering attention rather than commodity purchasing.

The business case extends beyond material costs to encompass the total cost of ownership, where vessel downtime represents the dominant economic factor. Calculating TCO with realistic service life projections and risk-adjusted failure costs reveals the true value of quality polyurethane solutions from technically capable suppliers.

For operators evaluating polyurethane elastomer options for pipe-laying vessel rollers and pads, consider these action steps:

Assess current roller and pad performance: Document replacement intervals, failure modes, and maintenance costs for your existing systems. This baseline data enables meaningful comparison with polyurethane alternatives.

Specify requirements based on your application: Define hardness ranges, dimensional requirements, and environmental conditions specific to your vessel and typical project conditions. Generic specifications rarely optimize performance.

Evaluate suppliers comprehensively: Request material test data, quality documentation, and reference customer contacts. Validate claims through discussions with operators using the supplier’s products in conditions similar to yours.

Calculate total cost of ownership: Develop TCO models incorporating initial costs, expected service life, maintenance requirements, and downtime risk. This analysis should guide supplier selection and material specification decisions.

Implement performance monitoring: Track actual service life and document failure modes when they occur. This operational data refines future procurement decisions and validates supplier performance claims.

The transition from traditional rubber or metal roller protection to polyurethane elastomer solutions represents an investment in operational reliability. For pipe-laying contractors facing competitive pressure on project costs and timelines, that reliability creates the operational margin that separates successful campaigns from costly disruptions.

The material science and engineering expertise required for optimal polyurethane implementation continues to evolve as offshore operations move to deeper waters, larger pipe diameters, and more challenging environments. Maintaining relationships with technically capable suppliers who understand both polyurethane chemistry and pipe-laying operations positions your organization to benefit from these advances.

Vessel equipment reliability forms the foundation of project success in offshore pipe-laying. Polyurethane elastomer solutions for rollers and pads provide that reliability through proven material performance, predictable service life, and favorable total cost of ownership. The question for operators is not whether to implement polyurethane solutions, but how to specify and procure them effectively for maximum operational benefit.

Ready to optimize your pipe-laying vessel roller protection? Contact us to discuss your specific application requirements and receive customized polyurethane elastomer recommendations based on your vessel configuration and operational environment.